Abstract : Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is projected to nearly triple in the next forty years1. DR is predominantly a microangiopathy in which small blood vessels are particularly vulnerable to damage from high glucose levels. Direct hyperglycemic effects along with many angiogenic stimulators (like vascular endothelial growth factor) and inhibitors have a role to play in the causation of DR. A consistent screening with timely metabolic control helps prevent ocular disease in diabetic patients, thereby decreasing the need for intravitreal anti-VEGFs and steroids, laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy with or without epiretinal membrane removal or peeling of internal limiting membrane. Therefore, a tight regulation of blood glucose, blood pressure, serum lipids, albuminuria (signifying diabetic nephropathy), anemia is important. Additional risk factors that need to be taken care of include- smoking in males with type1 diabetes, puberty, pregnancy, duration of disease.

Keyword : diabetic retinopathy, hyperglycemic effects, anti-VEGFs, metabolic control

Abstract : To determine coagulation tests status in women with uncomplicated fetal death A cross-sectional study conducted in Khartoum, Sudan between January and December 2014. A total of 50 patients with fetal death were matched in maternal and gestational age to 50 normal pregnant women. Standard techniques were used to assess full coagulation tests and red cells indices and hemoglobin in both groups. Both groups were similar in baseline characteristics. Women in the fetal death group had significantly higher D- dimer than in normal pregnant women, (86vs. 30%, p= 0.0004). Of women with fetal death, 8% (n=3) had D-dimer values greater than ˃ 500 ug/ml, 6 % (n=3) and 2 % (n=1) had prolonged PT and aPTT respectively p>0.05. Platelets counts were significantly lower in women with fetal death compared to controls (247.86±73.323 vs. 317.18±73.323, P<0.001), 8 %( n=4) were below the range for normal pregnancy and 2 %( n=1) with Platelets counts ˂100. There were no significant changes in PT, APTT, Fibrinogens, between both groups p> 0.05. The D-dimer correlated positively and significantly with PT (r=.199, p=0.048) and INR (r=0.201,p=0.044)and negatively with platelets counts (r=-.349,p=<0.001) .There was no correlation between D-dimer, the gestational age, and maternal age. The study demonstrated that 8% of women with IUFD at risk of bleeding supporting the view of termination policy rather than expectant management of fetal death. There was no correlation between D-dimer, the gestational age, and maternal age.

Keyword : fetal death, coagulopathy, coagulation tests

Abstract : Moringa oleifera is one of the many plants used today for treating various pathological conditions. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf on blood glucose, blood pressure and temperature in normal conditions. The study is divided into two independent phases: acute phase and chronic phase. 34 participants took part in the acute phase. Subjects in this phase were divided into 5 groups of 6-8 participants. Group 1 was given water only, Group 2 received 75g oral glucose load and 2 hours later was given 75mg/kg dose of M. oleifera, Group 3 was given 75mg/kg dose of M. oleifera and received 75g oral glucose load 2 hours later. Group 4 was given 75g oral glucose load only, Group 5 received 75mg/kg M. oleifera only. Baseline readings for blood pressure, pulse rate and body temperature were taken for groups 1 to 4 in their fasting state, while group 5 baseline readings were taken as random blood glucose. 16 participants divided into two groups took part in the chronic phase of the study. Group 6 subjects received 37.5mg/kg doses while Group 7 received 75mg/kg doses of M. oleifera. M. oleifera decreased blood pressure significantly (P<0.05) after two hours of administration. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in pulse rate two hours after M. oleifera administration in the fed state and after an oral glucose load, while temperature also decreased significantly after two hours of M. oleifera administration. Blood glucose decreased significantly after 4 hours of administration of M. oleifera only. For the group taking glucose before M. oleifera, there was a peak decrease of 18.7% just after 30 minutes. There was no significant change in blood glucose level for the group that received M. oleifera in the fasting state. Intake of M. oleifera daily for 14 days reduced blood glucose level independent of the dose received. It has been observed that M. oleifera leaf is effective in reducing blood glucose particularly when levels are high but have no significant effect on normal fasting blood glucose levels. Blood pressure decreases 2 hours after M. oleifera intake across the groups. Pulse rate and body temperature have also been found to decrease as a result of Moringa oleifera leaf intake.

Keyword : Moringa oleifera, Blood Pressure, Blood Glucose Level

Abstract : Gaining an understanding of the aetiology of schizophrenia may influence the growing number of children being prescribed antipsychotic drugs. Urbanization features foremost in the literature, however historical documents point to malnourishment. A unique set of data has been uncovered, with the potential to broadly answer this question. Goitre studies, preceding treatment with antipsychotic drugs, acted as a marker for schizophrenia. A review of these studies enabled environmental, public health and dietary variables to be compared between populations in mental hospitals (control) and the rest of New Zealand. Mineral deficiencies in soils enter the food chain through vegetables. In areas of depleted soil mineralization, inadequate diets were present amongst some New Zealanders; relative to those in mental hospitals. Dietary minerals are imperative for enabling the antioxidant defence system to counter stress and maintain neuronal health. The highest concentrations of these minerals, which are required for thyroid hormone production and antioxidant defences, are present in seafood, seaweed, proteins. Here we discuss the relevance of this finding to neuropathology at onset, first episode of psychosis, the prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia and affective disorders. Further work educating stakeholders of the need to eat for brain health would be beneficial for our children.

Keyword : mental health, environmental risk, thyroid hormones, antioxidant defence, selenium, iron

Abstract : The present study aimed to investigate the effect of antivenom of Echis carinatus sochureki snake on sex hormones, immunological and sperm parameters of male rats. Adult male rats divided into three groups (6 for each group), the first group injected (I.P.) with normal saline (0.9%Nacl) as a control group, the second group injected with (0.25ml/kg/day) of antivenom for two times, and the third group injected with (0.5ml/kg/day) of antivenom for two times. Animals killed within 24 hours. The results indicated a significant increase (P˂0.05) in the level of FSH, LH and testosterone in second and third groups compared with the first group. IgG, IgM and IgA increased significantly in male and female rats of second and third groups compared with the control group within 24 hr. The injection of antivenom of the Echis carinatus induced a significant decrease in sperm countof second and third groups compared with the control group, and

Keyword : Echis carinatus, sex hormones, immunological parameters, sperms, rats.

Abstract : Sexually dangerous behavior is among the characteristics of homosexuals in comparison to other sexual groups. The present study was done with aim of evaluating the Effectiveness of group positive psychology therapy (PPT) on Skills of Using Condom in Iranian Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM). In an experimental study in form of a random clinical experiment with pretest and posttest among homosexuals referring to two addiction clinics in regions of 7 and 9 in Tehran, a sample of 50 (N=50) persons (ages between 19 and 41 with average age of 29.4) have been selected by voluntary sampling were assigned to two groups of control and experimental. Positive psychology protocol was presented to experimental groups during 14 weekly sessions. A pretest and a posttest (after 14 weeks of training) were administered to participants. The results showed that positive psychology therapy played a significant efficacy in increase the Skills of Using Condom in Iranian Men Who Have Sex with Men (p<0.01). Implications of these protocols are discussed with regard to their unique potential to address the clinical needs of Men Who Have Sex with Men.

Keyword : positive psychology therapy (PPT), Condom-use Skills, Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM)

Abstract : Appendicitis is the most common-intra-abdominal condition requiring emergency surgery, with a 7% lifetime risk. We have retrospectively studied the histomorphology of different disease process affecting the appendix over a period of two years from april 2016 to april 2014. The appendectomies done primarily for appendicular pathology, received at histopathology section of our department were included and those resected along with other organs like hysterectomy and colectomy specimens were excluded from the study.The tissues were processed in routine manner and paraffin embedded blocks were prepared. Serial sections of 4µm to 5µm were cut from the block and processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin stains. Zeihl Neelson stain was done to confirm the presence of acid fast bacilli in one case. Pathological reports were analyzed for the following parameters: age, gender, and pathological diagnosis. A total of 116 specimens were analyzed. 44 % cases were males and 56% were females. The histopathological examination showed acute inflammation in 57.75% cases , chronic inflammation in 37.93% cases , granulomatous appendicities in 1 case .Parasites were found in 2 cases and carcinoid tumor in 1 case . The vermiform appendix continues to be frequently encountered surgical pathology specimen. Our knowledge about diseases of appendix, is far from complete. This organ therefore requires careful and systematic study both by the clinician and the pathologist.

Keyword : Appendicitis; appendicectomy; histopathology of appendix.

Abstract : Joint disorders are most common cause in human beings that result physical and mental disabilities. They have multiple etiology and pathogenesis according to both modern and ancient medicine. In ayurveda joint diseases discussed under certain vatavyadhis, ama dosha janya, dushit rakta janya and asthi-sandhigat rogas. Charaka has mentioned Pakshāghāt, Arditavat, Gridhrisi, Sandhivāta, Khalli etc. under the vata vyadhis while Sushruta has also included Vatarakta in vatavyadhi. Amavata is not a direct vatavyadhi it is caused due to ama dosha and vitiated vata. Shodhan and shaman both are described for the treatment of joint disorders. Among shaman chikitsa, Guggulu preparations are the main drugs being used for Sandhigat roga chikitsa. It is being widely used due to its analgesic & anti-inflammatory properties. Different guggulu preparations are used in different joint disorders depending upon their composition and etiopathogenesis of particular problem.

Keyword : Sandhivata, Vatarakta, Guggulu, Anupana, Amavata, Charaka Samhita, Susruta Samhita, Shārangdhar Samhita, Vata, Pitta, Kapha, Prakshepa dravya.

Abstract : Introduction: Hepatitis B infection is the most transmissible blood borne infection and also a vaccine preventable disease. Health care worker (HCWs) are at increasing risk of acquiring Hepatitis B infection (10-30%). This study aims to estimate the awareness regarding various aspects of hepatitis B vaccination such as vaccination status, protective antibody titre and the prevalence of hepatitis B infection). Materials and method: Study included 400 HCWs (250 doctors, 100 nurses, and 50 technicians) of Lady Hardinge Medical College & Associated Hospitals, New Delhi. A self structured pretested questionnaire was used as a tool in the study. The level of awareness was graded (adequate, fairly adequate and inadequate) on the basis of their knowledge. Blood samples were collected from all the participants & subjected to ELISA test for detection of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) and estimation of anti Hepatitis B antibody titer (anti HBs Ab) titre. Results: 34.4% doctors, 18% nurses and 4% technicians had overall adequate awareness level regarding various aspects of Hepatitis B vaccination. The difference between adequate awareness level among all the three groups of HCWs were significant (P <0.05). Sixty seven percent (67%) HCWs had a protective level of AntiHbsAb level (≥10mIU/ml). Out of 400 HCWs 227 (56.7%) were fully vaccinated (3 dose), 112 (28%) partially vaccinated (1 0r 2 dose) and 61 (15.2%) had no vaccination against Hepatitis B. No HCWs were positive for HBsAg. Conclusion: Every hospital must raise the awareness regarding Hepatitis B vaccination among HCWs and must ensure all the HCWs are vaccinated & immunized.

Keyword : Awareness, Health care workers (HCWs), Hepatitis B vaccination, AntiHbsAb.

Abstract : Obesity is not merely a cosmetic problem but a severe threat to health which causes Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus and Osteoarthritis etc. According to Ayurveda, it can be co-related to Sthaulya. Tailapana have been indicated in the patients of Sthaulya by various Ayurvedacharyas. In present study Taila was selected from BhavprakashaMedorogadhikara (TriphaladiTaila). All ingredients of TriphaladiTaila are having Ushna, Tikshna property which helps in removing meda. As per Modern science, increase fat consuming increases the bile production. Cholesterol esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids are more rapidly metabolized by liver and other tissues. It suggests that Sneha which contains poly-unsaturated fatty acids (Tila taila) becomes helpful in reducing Rasa-Raktagata Meda(Cholesterol) and when Rasa-Raktagata Meda is lowered body starts consuming meda which is accumulated in whole body.To Evaluate efficacy of Triphaladi Taila in the management of Sthaulya. Total 15 patients were registered and treated with Triphaladi Taila. Assessment was done based on the subjective and objective parameters after 15 days of treatment. The data obtained in clinical study was analyzed by using Student�s �t� test. Significant results found in Subjective and Objective parameters i.e. BMI, body circumferences etc.Shamana Sneha (Triphaladi Taila)is effective therapy in the management of Sthaulya (Obesity).

Keyword : Obesity, Shamana Sneha, Sthaulya, Triphaladi Taila