Abstract : Coiling of umbilical cord is a normal process during development. Abnormal umbilical coiling is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Hyper coiling of umbilical cord may be associated with increased rate of miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, fetal heart decelerations, cord stenosis and intrauterine fetal death. The difference in coiling has been described as an antenatal marker for fetuses at risk. We describe a patient where hypercoiling in a pre term pregnancy contributed to fetal death in a woman with multiple previous caesarean sections. Routine investigations for fetal death were negative in the postpartum period.

Keyword : Umbilical cord, Umbilical coiling index, Hypercoiling, Intrauterine fetal death

Abstract : According to the World Health Organization, corneal diseases are a major cause of vision loss and blindness, second only to cataract in overall Importance A study of recent epidemiological trends in case of fungal corneal ulcer. To study the Precipitating and predisposing factors for fungal corneal ulcer.3.To study the clinical profile of fungal corneal ulcer. Thirty consecutive cases of presumably fungal corneal ulcers admitted in hospital over a period of one year were included in the study. The presumptive diagnosis was based on clinical features and history. The diagnosis was then confirmed by KOH preparation and culture. It was found that fungal corneal ulcer are common in people of 40-60 year and more common in male. Fungal corneal ulcer occur mostly in farmer but in urban area because of over use of topical antibiotics and steroid , fungal ulcer also very common and in urban young population who wear contact lens ,corneal ulcer is common finding. Due to vegetative trauma in rural area and due to over use of topical antibiotics and steroid fungal ulcer is very common problem in urban population .

Keyword : Cornea ,fungal infection , corneal ulcer ,keratitis.

Abstract : This study investigated the relation between hemolytic anemia and the water disinfection schedule of hospitals. Ten dialysis centres in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were selected, with a total of 1000 patients undergoing extended hemodialysis/hemodiafiltration (HD/HF). Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration analyses were performed during one year period in 2015. Hb concentrations were compared on days when the water supply was disinfected using chloramines, with data measured on disinfection-free days. Of those patients 650 were males and 350 were females. Their mean ages were 46.74 ± 13.50 years. The results revealed a maximum Hb level of 15.98 g/dL during HD/HF on the disinfection-free days. The Hb level decreased to 9.32 g/dL with maximum value of 11.57 g/dL on the days of water disinfection (p < 0.001 compared to disinfection-free days). This study revealed the need for developing effective, less hazardous, less expensive and more suitable alternatives to sterilize dialysis water to ensure the quality of health services provided.

Keyword : dialysis water, hemolytic anemia, chloramines, hemoglobin

Abstract : Wound healing is a major problem in diabetic patient. Sildenafil citrate was earlier reported as a pro-angiogenic agent found to stimulate angiogenesis. We decided to investigate if oral administrations of sildenafil citrate in type I diabetic rats will enhance wound healing. The study was performed using fourty two rats (42) weighing between 139-225 grams. The rats were grouped A-G, six (6) rats per group. Wound area of 1.5 by 1.5 cm2 was created at the dorsal surface of each rat under sedation with ketamine and local anaesthetic (lignocaine). Type I diabetes was induced using Alloxan monohydrate at dose rate of 130 mg/kg. Sildenafil citrate was administered at a dose rate of 50 mg/kg orally daily for 21 days and 10 international units of insulin was administered intraperitoneally to the control group once. Blood glucose and platelet count were significantly (p<0.05) decrease compared to pre-diabetic period. The wound size contraction did not significantly (p>0.05) decrease as compared to day 3 in diabetic rats. We concluded that oral administration of sildenafil citrate at dose rate of 50 mg/kg did not significantly enhance wound healing in diabetic rats.

Keyword : Sildenafil citrate, diabetic, wound healing, rats

Abstract : Drinking water is an important resource that needs to be protected from pollution and biological contamination. Water borne diseases continue to be a dominant cause of water borne morbidities and mortality all over the world and helps in the spread of enteric diseases. A total of 38 water samples were tested by the new H2S test methods. According to the H2S test, 24 (63.15%) of the 38 samples had fecal coliforms, while 14 (36.84%) had no faecal contamination. From the 24 positive samples 47 isolates were investigated for the identification of faecal contamination. Out of 47 isolates, 21 (44.70%) were Pseudomonas, 14 (29.78%) were E.coli, 6 (12.76%) were Salmonella, 4 (8.5%) were Klebsiella and 2 (4.25%) were Staphylococcus spp. It is evident from the data presented in this work that H2S producing organisms are consistently associated with the presence of coliforms in water. Enteric bacteria such as Salmonella, and certain species of Klebsiella also produce H2S. The predominant H2S producing bacteria found in polluted drinking water in the present study were Salmonella spp., Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and H2S producing variants of E.coli. Thus study indicated that the H2S test is a reliable and alternative indicator of fecal contamination in drinking water quality surveillance and screening of large number of water samples in short duration in the field where laboratory facilities are limited.

Keyword : Bacteriological water quality, H2S test, Coliform, enteric infection

Abstract : AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the drug utilization pattern and to assess the use of zinc in the management of acute diarrhoea in the Paediatrics department at a tertiary health care institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a Prospective hospital based study which was carried out in the Paediatrics Department at Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati after obtaining permission from the Institutional Human Ethics Committee. About 80 prescriptions were analyzed during the study period of 6 months. All the patients of either sex (male/ Female) between 0-5years age who were coming to the Paediatrics department (outdoor and indoor) suffering from any type of diarrhoea and was prescribed different drugs were included in the study. Patients coming to the Paediatrics department not suffering from diarrhoea were excluded from our study. RESULTS: Out of 96 inpatients, 84 patients were admitted, cured and discharged, while 12 patients were seen as outdoor patient and were not admitted. No complication, deaths or ADR were reported during the hospital stay. Out of these, majority 51 (53.1%) were females. The mean age of the patients was 1.92 years. Most patients (59.4%) were between 1-3years of age. Majority 62.5% were suffered from acute watery diarrhea. Out of 96 patients, 33 (34.4%), 54 (56.2 %) and 9 (9.4%) were diagnosed with no, some and severe dehydration, respectively. No reports on routine examination and culture of stool were obtained. A total 312 drugs were prescribed in these inpatients. Out of the various drugs prescribed, 93 patients (96.9%) were prescribed rehydration fluids like ORS, 81 patients (84.4%) were given intravenous fluids. Other frequently prescribed drugs were Zinc to 96 patients (100 %) followed by antimicrobials in 39 patients (40.6%) and probiotics in only 3 patient (3.1%).Only Two different antimicrobials were prescribed; among these ceftriaxone (30) was the most prescribed followed by metronidazole (9). Out of the 312 formulations prescribed, 102 (32.7%) were oral formulations and 210 (67.3%) were intravenous injections. The mean number of drugs prescribed per patient was 3.25 (range 1 to 4). Regarding utilization of zinc preparations; they were prescribed in 100 % inpatients as monotherapy (mostly zinc gluconate) regardless of any age or any type of diarrhoea. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggested that there is a relatively rational approach to oral and parenteral rehydration therapy, antimicrobials and FDC.

Keyword : drug utilization, paediatrics, acute diarrhoea, zinc, antibiotics

Abstract : The oral route remains the preferred route for administration of therapeutic agents because of accurate dosage, low cost therapy, self-medication, non-invasive method and ease of administration leading to high level of patient compliance. However, traditional tablets and capsules administered with a glass of water may be inconvenient or impractical for some geriatric patients because of changes in various physiological and neurological conditions. Therefore, to cater the needs of such patients, recent advancements in technology have resulted in development of viable dosage alternatives popularly known as mouth dissolving tablets. Mouth dissolving drug delivery is rapidly gaining acceptance as an important new drug delivery technology. Mouth dissolving tablets are fast disintegrating and/or dissolving rapidly in saliva before the need for water. Superdisintegrants provide quick disintegration due to combined effect of swelling and water absorption by the formulation. Mucilage of Plant ago Ovate has various characteristics like binding, disintegrating and sustaining properties. Therefore mucilage can be used as superdisintegrant to formulate fast dissolving tablets because it has very high percentage of swelling index. The present work was aimed to formulate the mouth dissolving tablet of Azithromycin by using natural superdisintegrants plant ago mucilage. The results from invitro disintegration time, invitro dissolution study, wetting time and water absorption ratio showed that the plant ago mucilage is more beneficial. Thus it can be concluded that natural superdisintegrant based more cheap mouth dissolving tablets of Azithromycin would be quite effective in treatment, by providing quick onset of action.

Keyword : Keywords: Azithromycin, mouth dissolving tablets, Plantago ovate, natural super disintegrant

Abstract : Peptic ulcer is a most common ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful. This pathological condition is caused by chronic inflammation due to Helicobacter pylori, excessive use of of NSAIDs like aspirin and smoking. This disorder also results in release of massive amount of toxic free radicals which results in oxidative stress. Ethnobotanically, the whole plant of Calendula officinalis has been reported to be used in the treatment of various disorders including stomach and other diseases. Antiulcer-activity of the 50% ethanolic extracts in order to validate ethnobotanical claims regarding the plant, used in the above disorders. Four groups of six albino rats in each group were used. They were pretreated with (0.25% w/v) carboxymethyl cellulose (negative control, 10 ml/kg), 50 mg/kg ranitidine (positive control), whole plant extract of Calendula officinalis (250 and 450 mg/kg/body weight) and their effect was studied on aspirin induced ulcer, cold-resistant stress-induced ulcers, pylorus ligation and ethanol-induced ulcers. The results of the present study showed that the whole plant extract of Calendula officinalis possessed gastroprotective activity as evidenced by its significant inhibition in the formation of ulcers induced by physical and chemical agents with a maximum of 87.15 % therapeutic efficiency (450 mg/kg b.w.) in cold resistant stress-induced ulcers. The present study was also aimed to investigate the effect of this extract on oxidative stress by measuring the level of various oxidative markers. The result of enzyme assay and lipid peroxidation clearly indicates the whole plant of Calendula officinalis extract have significant antioxidant effect on ulcer pathology. Whole plant extract have decreased LPO (p< 0.001) and SOD (p<0.01) with concomitant increase in catalyse activity in cold resistant stress-induced ulcers.

Keyword : Calendula officinalis, Acidity, CRS induced ulcer, Ulcer index.

Abstract : Objective: To study the prescription patterns of antihypertensive drugs in a tertiary care hospital with special reference to mono and multi-drug regimens Method: A retrospective, cross sectional analysis of antihypertensive prescriptions was done which included all prescriptions of hypertensive patients admitted in Cardiology inpatient wards of the hospital during the period of January 2016 to June 2016. Patient case records were collected from Medical Records Department of our Hospital and reviewed to extract data on the pattern of antihypertensive drug use. Collected data were analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel Sheets. Result: A total of 140 prescriptions were analyzed. 106 (76%) were male patients and 34(24%) were females. Maximum hypertensives were seen in the age group of 60-69 in both sexes and the least were seen in the age group of 20-29 in males and 30-39 in females. Out of the total patients, 38 patients (27%) received monotherapy and 102 (73%) of them received combination therapy. Calcium channel blockers were the most commonly prescribed monotherapy. Two drug combination received by 50 patients (49%), followed by 3 drugs combinations (44 patients,43%) and 4 drugs combination (8 patients,8%) Conclusion: This study shows that the prescribing practices for antihypertensives are inconsistent with the international guidelines. Most of the patients received combination therapy. Further studies needed for rational drug choice based on economic status, co morbidities, that would give additional information.

Keyword : Antihypertensives, prescribing patterns, mono and multi-drug therapy