Abstract : Obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths in the United States, as it causes a variety of serious health problems including type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, some cancers, kidney disease, and more. In the United States, obesity has been on the rise for decades and has shown no sign of slowing down. The epidemic disproportionately affects low-income and minority individuals. One factor contributing to this health disparity is inadequate public and private transportation among such communities, making access to supermarkets (which carry fresh, healthy produce) less attainable. Solving the obesity epidemic in the United States will require significant government support and will likely take a combination of efforts to improve multiple contributing factors: corporate marketing, city zoning, supermarket pricing, transportation, etc. This review discusses the consequences – and potential solutions - of one aspect of the obesity epidemic: transportation. This focus of this paper is on the United States, but its content has international relevance relating to transportation’s effects on public health as a whole.

Keyword : Obesity Epidemic, Transportation, Public Health, Public Policy, Nutrition

Abstract : INTRODUCTION: The reconstruction of lesions in the distal third of the leg is one of the challenges for surgeons. In this scenario, the use of posterior tibial perforator flaps is being used more and more in surgical practice due to their versatility and aesthetic results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research consists of an integrative review carried out from a bibliographic survey in the PUBMED and Virtual Health Library (BVS) search platforms. After reading the full 20 articles in total, an overlap of four articles present in the two searches was observed, thus resulting in a total of 16 articles included in this review. RESULTS: The treatment of chronic lower limb wounds caused by infection, diabetes mellitus and osteomyelitis has always been a formidable task. Perforator-free flaps are generally recommended as the therapy of choice in the treatment of chronic lower limb wounds. DISCUSSION: The advantages of the application of the posterior tibial artery skin flap is ideal for small leg defects to reconstruct the exposed bone and tendon. As it is local tissue, it substitutes as tissue. The distal posterior tibial artery perforator flap is a beneficial technique, in the plastic and reconstructive surgery field, especially for the treatment of chronic lower extremity wounds.

Keyword : CHRONIC WOUNDS, DISTAL POSTERIAL TIBIAL ARTERY, PERFORATOR FLAP, PLASTIC SURGERY

Abstract : The study included an epidemiological survey of cancer cases in the Syrian Arab Republic for the period between 2008-2012. The study was conducted according to international standards established by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the International Association of Cancer Records (IACR). The data were collected and classified according to age, gender, place of incidence and city of residence. Then they were scheduled, graphically illustrated, and statistically analysed. 46447 new cancer cases were reported during the period of study; 24240 cases among males, 22207 cases among females and 2008 cases between children (<15 years old). The data showed an increase in the new reported cases between 2008 and 2010, and that increment was followed by a decline in the total reported cases until 2012. The survey indicated that breast cancer was the most common type of cancer among females, while lung cancer was the most widespread among males. As for children, the highest incidence rate in the referred period was for leukaemia. Regarding the place of residense, Damascus ranked first in the number of reported case cancers, followed by Aleppo and Rural areas in Damascus.

Keyword : oncology, breast cancer, lung cancer, C.N.S cancer, leukaemia