Abstract : Abstract Malaria constitutes a major public health concern in tropical and other malaria-endemic regions. Genetic and non-genetic factors are known to influence the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of drugs including antimalarial drugs resulting in variability in drug responses. This article aimed to update perspectives on pharmacogenomics and also provide an updated appraisal of genetic variability in drug-metabolizing enzymes which alter the disposition of antimalarial drugs causing variations in treatment outcomes. Important literature databases such as Elsevier, IEEExplore, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and BioMed Central were selected based on the quality, extant content, and broad area of the discipline. The specific keywords related to the study were identified and used for the study purposely to identify related works. Advances in genetic research have facilitated the identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) that alter the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes that metabolize most antimalarial drugs. There is an association between isoforms of CYP450 gene variants and the efficacy of some antimalarial drugs, and this may be applied to the optimization of malarial therapy. Although identification of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) gene variants can be used for personalization of malaria treatment, several challenges are encountered in this process but some resources provide education and guidelines on how to use the pharmacogenetic results of specific drugs.

Keyword : Keywords: Antimalarial drugs; Cytochrome P450; Gene Variants; Pharmacogenomics

Abstract : Major salivary gland swellings frequently lead to a differential diagnosis that are frequently linked to cystic degeneration or are totally cystic in character. Retention cysts are real cysts that infrequently affect the major salivary glands.  Only 2-5% of the swellings of the major salivary glands are non-neoplastic in nature, and 6–9% of them present as cystic lesions.  The parotid gland cysts are equally common in both men and women, and they often manifest as a single, painless swelling in the parotid region that does not involve the skin or facial nerve below. The majority of reported instances have acquired origins and are blamed on obstructive processes. They exhibit a great deal of heterogeneity in epithelial lining type.  Any area of the parotid gland can develop a cystic lesion, although the lips, buccal mucosa, and mouth floor are the most frequent locations.They are typically unilateral, which prompts a parotid tumour.

Keyword : Salivary swelling Parotid cyst Benign swelling

Abstract : This case report presents a computational analysis of hemorheology in a patient diagnosed with diabetes who experienced encephalitis subsequent to pneumonitis. Hemorheology pertains to the study of blood flow characteristics and plays a critical role in comprehending and addressing various medical ailments. Employing a computational hemorheology model, the outcomes revealed noteworthy irregularities in hemorheology, which potentially contributed to the development of encephalitis following pneumonitis. Moreover, the pre-existing diabetes condition of the patient likely further complicated the hemorheological changes. These findings indicate that computational modeling of hemorheology offers valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of diabetes-related complications and may have significant clinical implications for predicting and managing such complications. Consequently, this case report emphasizes the significance of comprehending hemorheological alterations in individuals with diabetes and underscores the potential of computational hemorheology in forecasting and addressing complications associated with this condition. The study observed abnormal hemorheology in the patient, including alterations in red blood cell deformability, aggregation, and viscosity. The findings suggest that computational modeling of hemorheology provides valuable insights into the mechanisms behind encephalitis subsequent to pneumonitis and holds potential clinical applications in predicting and managing complications associated with these conditions.

Keyword : Hemorheology, Diabetes Mellitus, Encephalitis, Pneumonitis, Drug Management